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Conclusion
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Key Takeaways
Most of the region remained stable - but critical hotspots show active change.
Over 96% of the study area appeared to show minimal change from 1990 to 2024, but areas near roads, rivers, and urban zones exhibited measurable vegetation loss and drying, tied to agriculture, logging, and settlement expansion.
Combining NDVI and SWIR reveals hidden degradation or regrowth patterns.
NDVI alone sometimes masked land changes - the integration with SWIR, RENDVI, and EVI helped distinguish between genuine forest recovery and superficial greening (e.g., crops or sparse vegetation).
Field observations confirmed, but also challenged, satellite interpretations.
Ground photos aligned with classification in many cases, but discrepancies (e.g., high RENDVI where NDVI was low) revealed the limitations of single-date or coarse imagery in detecting post-disturbance or transitional land types.
What's next?
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